Referencing: APA Style 7th Edition

As one writer put it, "the darkest days were still ahead" (Westerhof, 1966, p. 53).

OR
Westerhof (1966) argued that "the darkest days were still ahead" (p. 53).

This theory was put forward by Sooklal (2019, chap.11)

Note: APA 7th guidelines specify that secondary citations should ONLY be used where the original is unavailable (e.g., out-of-print). Wherever possible, read and cite the original source.

If the original source is not available, ONLY include the details of the source that you actually read. In the example below, the original source would be Farrow (1968), which you saw cited in a paper by Ward and Decan (1988). Only the reference for Ward and Decan would be included in the reference list.

. . . (Faried, 1966, as cited in Walied & Duma, 1987).

OR
Faried (1966, as cited in Walied & Duma, 1987) . . . 

OR
Walied and Duma (1987) cited Faried (1966) as finding . . .

These include private letters, e-mail, and conversations. As personal communications are not accessible to others, they are not included in the reference list. However, an in-text citation is required.

. . . (R. Smith, personal communication, January 22, 2021).

OR
R. Smith (personal communication, January 22, 2021) . . .

When citing an entire website with no mention of a specific page or particular information on the website, it is sufficient to give the address of the site in the text. No reference list entry is required.

Apple is one of the most visited consumer technology websites in the world (https://www.apple.com).

Family name and year of publication.

In a recent article on the 1918 flu pandemic Tobias (2021) suggested …

OR

. . . in the 1918 pandemic (Tobias, 2021)

Organisation name and year of publication.

A webpage regarding educational discounts offered by Samsung (2021) states . . 

OR

Information on education discounts are offered by one of the world’s largest telecommunications companies (Samsung, 2021)

Give the first few words of the title. If the title is from an article use double quotation marks. Also include the year of publication.

A South African government agency recommend checking rainwater tanks in Namaqualand (“Unsealed rainwater tanks”, 2016).

Use the letters n.d. - an abbreviation of the words ‘no date’.

In a self-published autobiographical article, audiovisual organisation Bose (n.d) mention . . .

OR

The company’s history is outlined in a self-published autobiography (Bose, n.d.)