General format - author prominent and information prominent citations:
There are two styles of citation, known as author-prominent and information-prominent. Both styles are equally acceptable and you can use both styles within one text.
Information prominent citation: "Scientists are questioning whether existing vaccines might not be effective against newer COVID variants (Callaway 2021)
Author prominent: Callaway, E. (2021) Could new COVID variants undermine vaccines? Labs scramble to find out. Nature (London). [Online] 589 (7841), 177–178.]
In information prominent citations, you include both the author's surname and the date of publication in parentheses.
Rule: (Author year)
Example: (Dorfler & Stierand 2018)
In Author prominent citations: the author's surname is included in the text of the sentence, outside the brackets, and the year (in brackets) is included directly after the author's name.
Callaway (2021) reports that scientists are questioning whether ..etc]
Rule: Author (year)
Example: Dorfler & Stierand (2018)
In-text citations - no year of publication:
If there is no date for the source, use the term n.d., which means no date, in place of the year in the in-text citation.
Example: (Zinn, n.d.)
In-text citations - quotes and page numbers:
When including page numbers in your in-text citations, write them after the year and use a colon in between the year and the page number or page range, for example:
For a single page, information prominent citation:
| '' Historically, medicinal plants were arguably extracted in terms of specific human-plant relations, ontologies and webs of meaning that contextualised their related knowledges within a specific setting, as well as making use of understandings of the plants’ therapeutic properties in traditional healing" (Gibson 2018:1) |
For a single page, author prominent citation:
| Gibson (2018:1) states that 'Historically, medicinal plants were arguably extracted in terms of specific human-plant relations, ontologies and webs of meaning that contextualised their related knowledges within a specific setting, as well as making use of understandings of the plants’ therapeutic properties in traditional healing'. |
For a page range citation (e.g. for a long quote that spans multiple pages, or when paraphrasing information that spans multiple pages): (Sakupapa 2018:19-22)
